View source for Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)

[[File:Display de boto vermelho.jpg|alt=Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)|thumb|Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)]]
The '''Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''', also known as the '''boto''' (pronounced 'boatoo'), '''bufeo''', or '''pink river dolphin''', is a species of dolphin native to the freshwater rivers of South America, particularly the Amazon and Orinoco river basins. They are characterised by their distinctive pink coloration, which is more pronounced in adults and often fades with age. Amazon river dolphins have a flexible neck and long snout, which allows them to navigate through the flooded forests and shallow waters of their habitat. They are known for their intelligence and social behavior, often living in groups called pods. The Amazon river dolphin face threats from habitat loss, pollution, and fisheries, which have led to declines in their populations in some areas.

== Physical description ==

# '''Color''': Amazon river dolphins are most commonly associated with a pink hue, though they can range from gray to pinkish-gray. This pink coloration is more prominent in adults and tends to fade with age.
# '''Size''': It’s the largest species of [[river dolphin]], with adult males reaching up to 160 kilograms (353 lb) and 2.55 metres (8.36 ft) in length and adult females reaching 1.96m(6.43 ft) in length and 96.5kg (213 lb).<ref name=":0">[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RD-1991-001.pdf Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World - The IUCN Red Data Book] IUCN Pages (52-59)</ref>
# '''Body Shape''': Their bodies are robust and streamlined, with a long snout and a distinctive bulbous forehead, known as a melon. This shape aids in echolocation, which they use to navigate murky waters and locate prey.
# '''Fins and Flippers''': Amazon river dolphins have long, paddle-shaped pectoral fins (flippers) that they use for steering and maneuvering. Their dorsal fin is relatively small and triangular in shape. Their tail fluke is large and powerful, aiding in propulsion through the water.
# '''Teeth''': They have long, sharp teeth that are conical in shape. These teeth are well-adapted for catching and grasping prey, primarily fish and crustaceans.
# '''Eyes''': Their eyes are small in comparison to their body size and are adapted for seeing in the often murky waters of the Amazon basin. Their vision is likely not their primary sense, as they rely more on echolocation.
# '''Sexual Dimorphism''': Adult males are generally larger and bulkier than females, with more pronounced melons on their foreheads.
# '''Skin''': Their skin is relatively smooth and often appears shiny. It lacks the typical dorsal ridge found in other dolphin species.

== Distribution ==
The Amazon river dolphin inhabits various river systems across South America. They are found in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, spanning several countries including Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.<ref name=":1">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10831/50358152 Amazon River Dolphin] IUCN</ref>

'''Brazil'''

In Brazil, Amazon river dolphins have been extensively recorded. They are found in the central region, particularly in the Araguaia-Tocantins River basin, and various tributaries such as the das Mortes and Verde, Paranã, Vermelho, Peixe, Crixas-Açú, and Água Limpa rivers. Additionally, sightings have been reported in Lake Montaria in the state of Mato Grosso and mangrove habitats in Marajó Bay.<ref name=":1" />

Amazon river dolphin sightings have also been documented in several rivers and tributaries of the Amazon basin in Brazil, including the Juruá, Purus, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu (only below Belo Monte falls), Içá, Caquetá-Japurá, Negro-Branco, and Trombetas. Moreover, they have been observed along the Madeira mainstem above and below the Teotônio rapids.<ref name=":1" />

'''Bolivia'''

Reports of Amazon river dolphin sightings come from various river basins in Bolivia, including the Beni (and Orton tributaries), Iténez or Guaporé Basin (Verde, Machupo, and Iporuporé tributaries), and Mamoré Basin and its tributaries such as Pirai, Grande, Ichilo, Chapare, Ibaré, Matucaré, Tijamuchi, Apere, Yacuma, and Yata.<ref name=":1" />

'''Colombia'''

In Colombia, Amazon river dolphins are found in both the Orinoco and Amazon systems. They inhabit the Caquetá-Japurá River, from the Araracuara rapids to the mouth of the Apaporis River at the border with Brazil, the Putumayo-Içá River from Puerto Leguizamo to the east, and in the Amazon River. In the Orinoco, sightings have been reported in various rivers including Meta, Arauca, Casanare, Bita, Vichada, Tomo, Tuparro, Orinoco, Guaviare (and the Guayabero affluent), Inírida, and Atabapo.<ref name=":1" />

'''Ecuador'''

Amazon river dolphins are widely distributed in Ecuador, particularly in the main rivers and some lacustrine systems at elevations below 260 meters. They have been sighted in rivers such as Payamino (near Napo River), Napo, Pastaza, Tigre, and Santiago. Notably, they are absent from the Morona River in the Ecuadorian Amazon.<ref name=":1" />

'''Peru'''

In Peru, Amazon river dolphin can be found in various tributaries of the Ucayali and Marañon flowing generally north, as well as in the Napo, Tigre, and Pastaza tributaries flowing generally south.<ref name=":1" />

'''Venezuela'''

In Venezuela, Amazon river dolphins occur in the Orinoco system, including the delta region upstream at Ciudad Bolivar, Caicara del Orinoco, and near Puerto Ayacucho. They are also found in rivers such as Apure, Portuguesa, Guanare, Guaritico, Capanaparo, Cinaruco, and Caura. Amazon river dolphin sightings have been documented in the Cassiquiare Canal, connecting the Orinoco with the Negro River, and above and below the two sets of rapids at Puerto Ayacucho.<ref name=":1" />

== Threats ==
Populations of the Amazon river dolphin are at risk because of several threats to the Amazon-Orinoco aquatic ecosystems including residential & commercial development, energy production, mining, pollution, agriculture, hydroelectric development, deforestation and fisheries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== IUCN Red List assessments ===
* 2018 — Endangered (EN)
* 2011 — Data Deficient (DD)
* 2008 — Data Deficient (DD)
* 1996 — Vulnerable (VU)
* 1994 — Vulnerable (V)
* 1990 — Vulnerable (V)
* 1988 — Vulnerable (V)

== Sub species ==

# '''Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis''' (Amazon River Dolphin): This subspecies is found in the Amazon River and many of its tributaries.<ref name=":2">[https://www.activewild.com/amazon-river-dolphin-facts/ Amazon River Dolphin Facts, Pictures & Information: Discover an Amazing Rainforest Mammal] Active Wild</ref>
# '''Inia geoffrensis boliviensis''' (Bolivian River Dolphin): This subspecies is found in the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon, in Bolivia.<ref name=":2" />
# '''Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana''' (Orinoco River Dolphin): This subspecies is found in the Orinoco River basin.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis 62673186.jpg
File:Inia geoffrensis Peruvian Amazon 0.jpg
File:Inia geoffrensis 179341183.jpg
File:Boto-cor-de-rosa (Inia geoffrensis).jpg
File:Sotalia fluviatilis Amazon River Dolphin.jpg
File:Amazon river dolphin with mouth open.jpg
File:Sousa chinensis head.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{See also/dolphin}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10831/50358152 Amazon River Dolphin] IUCN
* [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RD-1991-001.pdf Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World - The IUCN Red Data Book] IUCN Pages (52-59)
* [[wikipedia:Amazon_river_dolphin|Amazon river dolphin]] Wikipedia
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/amazon-river-dolphin Amazon River Dolphin] National Geographic
* [https://seamap.env.duke.edu/species/180407/html Amazon river dolphin - ''Inia geoffrensis''] OBIS-Seamap
* [https://marinemammalscience.org/facts/inia-geoffrensis/ Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin)] The Society of Marine Mammalogy

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Dolphins]]
[[Category:Toothed whales]]